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The Boston Matrix

(Also called the BCG Matrix, the Growth-Share
Matrix and Portfolio Analysis)
Focusing effort to give the greatest returns

If you enjoy vivid visual metaphors for business, then you'll love the Boston Matrix!

Also called the BCG Matrix, it provides a useful way of screening the opportunities open to you, and helps you think about where you can best allocate your resources to maximize profit in the future.

Understanding the Model

Market Share and Market Growth

To understand the Boston Matrix you need to understand how market share and market growth interrelate.

Market share is the percentage of the total market that is being serviced by your company, measured either in revenue terms or unit volume terms. The higher your market share, the higher the proportion of the market you control.

The Boston Matrix assumes that if you enjoy a high market share you will be making money. (This assumption is based on the idea that you will have been in the market long enough to have learned how to be profitable, and will be enjoying scale economies that give you an advantage).

The question it asks is, "Should you be investing additional resources into a particular product line just because it is making you money?" The answer is, "not necessarily."

This is where market growth comes into play. Market growth is used as a measure of a market's attractiveness. Markets experiencing high growth are ones where the total market is expanding, meaning that it’s relatively easy for businesses to grow their profits, even if their market share remains stable.

By contrast, competition in low growth markets is often bitter, and while you might have high market share now, it may be hard to retain that market share without aggressive discounting.  This makes low growth markets less attractive.

Note: The origin of the Boston Matrix lies with the Boston Consulting Group in the early 1970s. It was devised as a clear and simple method for helping corporations decide which parts of their business they should allocate their available cash to. Following the credit crunch, this is newly important in some sectors because of the limited availability of credit. However, the Boston Matrix is also a good tool for thinking about where to apply other finite resources: people, time and equipment.

Understanding the Matrix

The Boston Matrix categorizes opportunities into four groups, shown on axes of Market Growth and Market Share:

Drawn using SmartDraw. Click for free download.

These groups are explained below:

Dogs: Low Market Share / Low Market Growth
In these areas, your market presence is weak, so it's going to take a lot of hard work to get noticed. You won't enjoy the scale economies of the larger players, so it's going to be difficult to make a profit. And because market growth is low, it's going to take a lot of hard work to improve the situation.

Cash Cows:
High Market Share / Low Market Growth
Here, you're well-established, so it's easy to get attention and exploit new opportunities. However it's only worth expending a certain amount of effort, because the market isn't growing and your opportunities are limited.

Stars:
High Market Share / High Market Growth
Here you're well-established, and growth is exciting! These are fantastic opportunities, and you should work hard to realize them.

Question Marks (Problem Child):
Low Market Share / High Market Growth
These are the opportunities no one knows what to do with. They aren't generating much revenue right now because you don't have a large market share. But, they are in high growth markets so the potential to make money is there.

Question Marks might become Stars and eventual Cash Cows, but they could just as easily absorb effort with little return. These opportunities need serious thought as to whether increased investment is warranted.

How to Use The Tool:

To use the Boston Matrix to look at your opportunities, first download our free worksheet and then use the following steps:

Step One: Plot your products on the worksheet according to their market share and marke growth.

Step Two: Classify them into one of the four categories. If a product seems to fall right on one of the lines, take a hard look at the situation and rely on past performance to help you decide which side you will place it.

Tip 1: There’s nothing “magical” about the position of the lines between the quadrants. There may be very little real difference, for example, between a Problem Child with a market share of 49%, and a Star with a market share of 51%. It’s also not necessarily true that the line should run through the 50% position. As ever, use your common sense. Tip 2: A similar (and equally powerful) tool is the Action Priority Matrix, which helps you pick projects which legitimately give you the quickest and highest value returns. By using the BCG Matrix and Action Priority Matrix together, you get the best of both worlds!

Step Three: Determine what you will do with each product/product line. There are typically four different strategies to apply:

• Build Market Share: Make further investments (for example, to maintain Star status, or to turn a Question Mark into a Star.)
  
• Hold: Maintain the status quo (do nothing)
  
• Harvest: Reduce the investment (enjoy positive cash flow and maximize profits from a Star or a Cash Cow)
  
• Divest: For example, get rid of the Dogs, and use the capital you receive to invest in Stars and Question Marks.

Tip 3: From a personal perspective, you can evaluate the opportunities open to you by substituting the dimension of "Market Share" with one of "Professional Skills". Plot the options open to you on the personal version of the BCG Matrix, and take action appropriately. Tip 4: A similar (and equally powerful) tool is the Action Priority Matrix, which helps you pick projects which legitimately give you the quickest and highest value returns. By using the BCG Matrix and Action Priority Matrix together, you get the best of both worlds!

Key Points

The Boston Matrix is an effective tool for quickly assessing the options open to you, both on a corporate and personal basis.

With its easily understood classification into "Dogs", "Cash Cows", "Question Marks" and "Stars", it helps you quickly and simply screen the opportunities open to you, and helps you think about how you can make the most of them.

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